Module 1 : A Brief History of Science 1 Introduction 1 The First Inklings of Science 4 True Science Begins to Emerge 5 Experiment 1.1: Density in Nature 7 Experiment 1.2: Atomic Motion 8 Three Other Notable Greek Scientists 12 The Progress of Science Stalls For a While 12 Experiment 1.3: A Chemical Reaction 16 Science Begins To Pick Up Some Speed Again 19 The Renaissance: The "Golden Age" of Science 21 Experiment 1.4: Mapping the Paths of the Planets 23 The Era of Newton 25 The "Enlightenment" and the Industrial Revolution 27 The Rest of the Nineteenth Century 29 Modern Science (1900 A.D. - Present) 31 Summing it Up Module 2 : Scientific Inquiry 35 Introduction 35 What Science is NOT 35 Experiment 2.1: How Does Weight Affect the Speed 36 Experiment 2.2: Learning More About Weight and Speed 40 The Scientific Method 43 Experiment 2.3: The Broken Flashlight 45 Failures of the Scientific Method 49 The Limitations of Science 50 Science and Christianity Module 3: How to Analyze and Interpret Experiments 59 Introduction 59 Experiments and Variables 60 Experiment 3.1: A Floating Egg? 63 Using a Series of Experiments 63 Experiment 3.2: Which "Boat" Will Move? 66 Experiment 3.3: What Does Soap Do To Water? - Part 1 67 Experiment 3.4: What Does Soap Do To Water? - Part 2 70 Recognizing Experimental Variables When They are not Obvious 73 Interpreting the Results of Experiments Module 4: Science, Applied Science, and Technology 83 Introduction 83 The Distinction Between Science, Applied Science, and Technology 86 Simple Machines 87 The Lever 87 Experiment 4.1: The Lever 93 The Wheel and Axle 95 The Pulley 96 Experiment 4.2: A Simulation of A Series of Pulleys 99 The Inclined Plane 100 The Wedge 102 The Screw Module 5: The History of Life: Archaeology, Geology, and Paleontology 111 Introduction 111 How Do We Learn About The History of Life? 112 Archaeology and History 116 The Internal Test 119 The External Test 123 The Bibliographic Test 124 Archaeology in the Absence of Historical Documents 129 Relative Dating and the Principle of Superposition 130 What Do We Know About Human History? Module #6: Foundations of Geology 137 Introduction 138 Soil, Rocks and Minerals 140 Experiment 6.1: The Difference Between Rocks and Minerals 142 Strata in Sedimentary Rock 143 Experiment 6.2: Separation of Sedimentation 145 Weathering of Rocks 146 Experiment 6.3: Physical Weathering 147 Experiment 6.4: Chemical Weathering 149 Erosion 149 Experiment 6.5: Erosion 154 Bringing It All Together: The Basic Structure of the Grand Canyon Module #7: The Fossil Record 161 Introduction 161 The Making of Fossils Part 1: Casts and Molds 162 Experiment 7.1: Making a Fossil Cast 164 The Making of Fossils Part 2: Petrifaction 165 The Making of Fossils Part 3: Carbonate Residues and Impressions 167 The Making of Fossils Part 4: Avoiding Decomposition 168 Experiment 7.2: Sinking in Ice 170 Three General Features of the Fossil Record 173 A Fourth General Feature of the Fossil Record 176 Geology and Paleontology from the Uniformitarian Viewpoint 179 Geology and Paleontology from the Catastrophist Viewpoint 182 Which View is Correct? Module #8: Uniformitarianism and Catastrophism 189 Introduction 189 Uniformitarianism and the Geological Record 190 Experiment 8.1: A Simulation of Using Index Fossils 195 Uniformitarianism and Evolution 197 Catastrophism and the Geological Record 202 Catastrophism and the Fossil Record 206 Uniformitarianism or Catastrophism: Which is Better? 210 Evolution: Another Weakness of Uniformitarianism Module #9: What is Life? 217 Introduction 217 DNA and Life 220 The Structure of DNA 221 Experiment 9.1: Building a Model of DNA 225 Energy and Life 225 Experiment 9.2: Finding Food in Plants 227 Experiment 9.3: A Simple Biosphere 229 Sensing and Responding to Change 230 Experiment 9.4: Sensing and Responding to Change 231 Reproduction and Life 232 Experiment 9.5: Fruit Fly Reproduction 235 The Cell - Life’s Smallest Unit Module #10: Classifying Life 243 Experiment 10.1: Factors that Affect Bacterial Growth (Part 1) 244 Introduction 245 The Five-Kingdom System 247 Kingdom Monera 249 Experiment 10.1: Factors that Affect Bacterial Growth (Part 2) 252 Kingdom Protista 255 Kingdom Fungi 258 Experiment 10.2: Yeast is a Decomposer 259 Kingdom Plantae 259 Experiment 10.3: Vegetative Reproduction 261 Experiment 10.4: Turgor Pressure 262 Kingdom Animalia Module #11: The Human Body: Fearfully and Wonderfully Made 267 Introduction 267 The Superstructure of the Human Body 269 Bones and the Human Skeleton 269 Experiment 11.1: Minerals in Bone 273 Skeletons in Other Organisms 275 Skeletal Muscles 281 Smooth Muscle and the Cardiac Muscle 282 Muscles and Movement in Other Organisms 283 Experiment 11.2: Phototropism and Gravotropism in Plants 284 Skin 288 Experiment 11.3: Skin Color 289 Skin in Other Organisms 289 Summary Module #12: Energy and Life 295 Introduction 295 Life’s Energy Cycle 298 How Do Organisms Get Energy From Food? 298 Experiment 12.1: What Combustion Needs 300 Experiment 12.2: What Combustion Makes 303 What Actually Gets Burned For Energy? 308 Energy Use in the Body 309 Experiment 12.3: Body Temperature 311 Calories and Food 313 Metabolic Rates Throughout Creation 314 How Combustion Works in Living Organisms Module #13: The Human Digestive System 321 Introduction 321 The Process of Digestion 321 Experiment 13.1: Seeing a Part of the Digestive Process 323 The Human Digestive System 326 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus 329 The Stomach and Intestines 330 Experiment 13.2: Stomach Acid and Antacids 335 The Liver, Pancreas, and Gall Bladder 337 Experiment 13.3: The Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate on Stomach Acid 338 The Micronutrients Module #14: The Human Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 345 Introduction 345 The Human Circulatory System 348 The Heart and Blood Flow 352 Experiment 14.1: Your Own Cardiac Cycle 354 The Components of Blood 356 Lungs and Blood Oxygenation 358 Experiment 14.2: Measuring the Capacity of Your Lungs 360 The Respiratory System 361 Experiment 14.3: A Model of Your Lungs 362 Experiment 14.4: A Model of Your Vocal Cords 363 Circulation and Respiration Throughout Creation 364 Experiment 14.5: Xylem Module #15: The Human Lymphatic, Endocrine, and Urinary Systems 369 Introduction 369 The Lymphatic System 372 Lymph Nodes 375 Tears 376 Experiment 15.1: Working Your Lacrimal Glands Too Hard 378 The Urinary System 379 Experiment 15.2: A Model of Kidney Function 382 The Endocrine System Module #16: The Human Nervous System 387 Introduction 389 Neurons: The Basic Unit of the Nervous System 393 The Basic Layout of the Human Nervous System 397 Our Split Brains 397 Experiment 16.1: Determining a Person’s Dominant Side 400 The Brain and Blood 402 The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 403 Experiment 16.2: The Pupil of the Eye 405 The Human Sense of Taste 406 Experiment 16.3: Mapping Your Taste Buds 408 The Human Sense of Smell 408 Experiment 16.4: The Sense of Smell and the Sense of Taste 410 The Human Sense of Vision 412 Experiment 16.5: The Human Blind Spot 415 The Human Sense of Touch 416 Experiment 16.6: The Variation in Touch Sensitivity 417 The Human Sense of Hearing 418 Do We Really Use Only 10% of our Brain? 419 Summing it All Up